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History of Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in central Romania. It was part of the Dacian Kingdom (1st–2nd centuries CE), Roman Dacia (2nd–3rd centuries), the Hunnic Empire (4th–5th centuries), the Kingdom of the Gepids (5th–6th centuries), the Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries) and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, western Transylvania was reached by the Hungarian conquerors〔Istvan Lazar: ''Transylvania: A Short History'', Simon Publications, 1997 ()〕 and later it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, formed in 1000 CE. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526 it belonged to the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged. During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, the principality was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire; however, the principality had dual suzerainty (Ottoman and Habsburg).〔Dennis P. Hupchick, (''Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe'' ), Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62〕〔Peter F. Sugar, (''Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804'' ), University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154〕 In 1690, the Habsburgs gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown.〔()〕〔Peter F. Sugar. ("Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804" ) (''History of East Central Europe''), University of Washington Press, July 1983, page 163〕〔Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. (''The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat'' ) C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146;〕 After 1711〔()〕 Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Transylvanian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.〔("Transylvania" ) (2009). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 7, 2009〕〔("Diploma Leopoldinum" ) (2009). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 7, 2009〕 After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the separate status〔John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, (''Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict'' ), Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79〕 of Transylvania ceased; it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) as part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.〔James Minahan: (''One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups'' ), Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 06991〕 After World War I, Transylvania became part of Romania. In 1940 Northern Transylvania reverted to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award, but it was reclaimed by Romania after the end of World War II.
Due to its varied history the population of Transylvania is ethnically, linguistically, culturally and religiously diverse. From 1437 to 1848 political power in Transylvania was shared among the mostly Hungarian nobility, German burghers and the seats of the Székelys (a Hungarian ethnic group). The population consisted of Romanians, Hungarians (particularly Székelys) and Germans. The majority of the present population is Romanian, but large minorities (mainly Hungarian and Roma) preserve their traditions. However, as recently as the communist era ethnic-minority relations remained an issue of international contention. This has abated (but not disappeared) since the Revolution of 1989 restored democracy in Romania. Transylvania retains a significant Hungarian-speaking minority, slightly less than half of which identify themselves as Székely.〔(Population census of 2002 ) – recensamant 2002 --> rezultate --> 4. POPULATIA DUPA ETNIE〕 Ethnic Germans in Transylvania (known as Saxons) comprise about one percent of the population; however, Austrian and German influences remain in the architecture and urban landscape of much of Transylvania.
The region's history may be traced through the religions of its inhabitants. Most Romanians in Transylvania belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church faith, but from the 18th to the 20th centuries the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church also had substantial influence. Hungarians primarily belong to the Roman Catholic or Reformed Churches; a smaller number are Unitarians. Of the ethnic Germans in Transylvania, the Saxons have primarily been Lutheran since the Reformation; however, the Danube Swabians are Catholic. The Baptist Union of Romania is the second-largest such body in Europe; Seventh-day Adventists are established, and other evangelical churches have been a growing presence since 1989. No Muslim communities remain from the era of the Ottoman invasions. As elsewhere, anti-Semitic 20th century politics saw Transylvania's once sizable Jewish population greatly reduced by the Holocaust and emigration.
== Ancient history ==
(詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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